Comprehensive Guide to Retinal Disorders and Their Symptoms

Retinal Disorders Flash Cards Template

Diabetic Retinopathy

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Hypertensive Retinopathy

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Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

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Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

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Hemiretinal Vein Occlusion (HRVO)

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Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

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Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

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Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion

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Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

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Sickle Cell Retinopathy

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Radiation Retinopathy

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Valsalva Retinopathy

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Purtscher Retinopathy

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Retinal Vasculitis

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Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm

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Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Neovascular (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

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Epiretinal Membrane

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Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome

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Macular Hole

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Lamellar Macular Hole

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Macular Telangiectasia Type 2

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Myopic Maculopathy

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Cystoid Macular Edema

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Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy

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Adult-Onset Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy

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Stargardt Disease

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Pattern Dystrophy

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Dominant Drusen

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Solar Retinopathy

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Photic Retinopathy

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Laser Pointer Retinopathy

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Tamoxifen Retinopathy

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Crystalline Maculopathy

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Foveal Hypoplasia

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Macular Coloboma

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Angioid Streaks

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Idiopathic Foveomacular Retinoschisis

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Acute Idiopathic Maculopathy

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Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

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Tractional Retinal Detachment

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Exudative Retinal Detachment

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Retinal Tear

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Retinal Hole

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Lattice Degeneration

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Snail-Track Degeneration

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White Without Pressure

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White With Pressure

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Pavingstone Degeneration

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Degenerative Retinoschisis

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Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis

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Peripheral Cystoid Degeneration

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Cystic Retinal Tuft

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Vitreoretinal Tuft

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Meridional Fold

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Meridional Complex

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Peripheral Exudative Hemorrhagic Chorioretinopathy

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Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis

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Peripheral Retinal Neovascularization

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Retinitis Pigmentosa

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Cone Dystrophy

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Cone-Rod Dystrophy

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Rod-Cone Dystrophy

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Achromatopsia

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Congenital Stationary Night Blindness

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Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome

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Leber Congenital Amaurosis

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Choroideremia

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Gyrate Atrophy

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Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy

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Fundus Albipunctatus

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Oguchi Disease

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Goldmann-Favre Syndrome

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Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy

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North Carolina Macular Dystrophy

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Doyne Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy

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Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy

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Occult Macular Dystrophy

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Benign Familial Fleck Retina

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Alström Syndrome

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Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

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Refsum Disease

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Senior-Løken Syndrome

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Kearns-Sayre Syndrome

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Batten Disease

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Enhanced Cone Syndrome

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Bothnia Dystrophy

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Patterned Cone Dystrophy

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Spinocerebellar Ataxia–Associated Retinopathy

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Acute Retinal Necrosis

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Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis

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Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

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Toxoplasma Retinochoroiditis

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Syphilitic Retinitis

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Tuberculous Chorioretinitis

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Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

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Serpiginous Choroiditis

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Multifocal Choroiditis

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Punctate Inner Choroidopathy

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APMPPE

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MEWDS

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AZOOR

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DUSN

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Frosted Branch Angiitis

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Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis

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Multifocal Choroiditis with Panuveitis

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Ampiginous Choroiditis

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Commotio Retinae

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Choroidal Rupture

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Traumatic Macular Hole

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Terson Syndrome

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Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy

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Deferoxamine Retinopathy

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Quinine Retinopathy

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Methanol Retinopathy

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Retinoblastoma

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Coats Disease

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Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)

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Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV)

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Retinal & Choroidal Disorders Flash Cards – Part 1: Vascular Retinal Disorders

Diabetic Retinopathy

A diabetes-related retinal disease that damages retinal blood vessels and may lead to progressive vision loss if left untreated.

Diabetic Macular Edema

Swelling of the central retina caused by leaking blood vessels, resulting in blurred or distorted central vision.

Hypertensive Retinopathy

Retinal vascular damage caused by chronic high blood pressure that may indicate systemic cardiovascular disease.

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

A blockage of the main retinal vein causing retinal hemorrhages, macular edema, and sudden painless vision loss.

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

A blockage of one of the retinal vein branches that can reduce vision due to retinal hemorrhage and macular edema.

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

An ophthalmic emergency caused by blockage of the central retinal artery, producing sudden severe painless vision loss.

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

Occlusion of a retinal artery branch causing localized retinal ischemia and partial visual field loss.

Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

A vision-threatening condition caused by severe carotid artery disease resulting in chronic reduced blood flow to the eye.

Sickle Cell Retinopathy

A retinal vascular complication of sickle cell disease characterized by peripheral ischemia, neovascularization, and vitreous hemorrhage that may threaten vision.

Radiation Retinopathy

A delayed retinal microvascular disorder that develops months to years after ocular or orbital radiation therapy and can lead to progressive vision loss.

Valsalva Retinopathy

A sudden preretinal hemorrhage caused by increased intrathoracic pressure after coughing, vomiting, heavy lifting, or straining.

Purtscher Retinopathy

An occlusive retinal microangiopathy that occurs after severe trauma and is characterized by cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhages, and Purtscher flecken.

Purtscher-like Retinopathy

A retinal microvascular disorder resembling Purtscher retinopathy but associated with systemic diseases such as acute pancreatitis, renal failure, or autoimmune conditions.

Retinal Hemorrhage

Bleeding within the retinal layers caused by vascular disease, trauma, blood disorders, or other systemic conditions affecting the eye.

Retinal Vasculitis

Inflammation of the retinal arteries and veins associated with infectious, inflammatory, or autoimmune diseases that may result in retinal ischemia and vision loss.

Retinal & Choroidal Disorders Flash Cards – Part 1: Vascular Retinal Disorders

Diabetic Retinopathy

A diabetes-related retinal disease that damages retinal blood vessels and may lead to progressive vision loss if left untreated.

Diabetic Macular Edema

Swelling of the central retina caused by leaking blood vessels, resulting in blurred or distorted central vision.

Hypertensive Retinopathy

Retinal vascular damage caused by chronic high blood pressure that may indicate systemic cardiovascular disease.

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

A blockage of the main retinal vein causing retinal hemorrhages, macular edema, and sudden painless vision loss.

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

A blockage of one of the retinal vein branches that can reduce vision due to retinal hemorrhage and macular edema.

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

An ophthalmic emergency caused by blockage of the central retinal artery, producing sudden severe painless vision loss.

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

Occlusion of a retinal artery branch causing localized retinal ischemia and partial visual field loss.

Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

A vision-threatening condition caused by severe carotid artery disease resulting in chronic reduced blood flow to the eye.

Sickle Cell Retinopathy

A retinal vascular complication of sickle cell disease characterized by peripheral ischemia, neovascularization, and vitreous hemorrhage that may threaten vision.

Radiation Retinopathy

A delayed retinal microvascular disorder that develops months to years after ocular or orbital radiation therapy and can lead to progressive vision loss.

Valsalva Retinopathy

A sudden preretinal hemorrhage caused by increased intrathoracic pressure after coughing, vomiting, heavy lifting, or straining.

Purtscher Retinopathy

An occlusive retinal microangiopathy that occurs after severe trauma and is characterized by cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhages, and Purtscher flecken.

Purtscher-like Retinopathy

A retinal microvascular disorder resembling Purtscher retinopathy but associated with systemic diseases such as acute pancreatitis, renal failure, or autoimmune conditions.

Retinal Hemorrhage

Bleeding within the retinal layers caused by vascular disease, trauma, blood disorders, or other systemic conditions affecting the eye.

Retinal Vasculitis

Inflammation of the retinal arteries and veins associated with infectious, inflammatory, or autoimmune diseases that may result in retinal ischemia and vision loss.

Retinal & Choroidal Disorders Flash Cards – Part 2: Macular Disorders

Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm

A localized dilation of a retinal artery that may cause retinal hemorrhage, exudation, or macular edema, often associated with hypertension.

Retinal Capillary Hemangioma

A benign retinal vascular tumor that may leak fluid and is commonly associated with von Hippel–Lindau disease.

Coats Disease

An idiopathic retinal vascular disorder characterized by retinal telangiectasia, lipid exudation, and possible exudative retinal detachment.

Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The most common form of macular degeneration characterized by drusen and gradual loss of central vision.

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

An advanced form of AMD caused by abnormal choroidal blood vessel growth leading to bleeding, fluid leakage, and rapid central vision loss.

Myopic Macular Degeneration

Degenerative changes affecting the macula in pathologic high myopia that can result in progressive central vision loss.

Macular Telangiectasia Type 2

A bilateral neurodegenerative retinal disorder with abnormal parafoveal capillaries that gradually impairs central vision.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

A condition in which fluid accumulates beneath the retina, causing blurred, distorted, or reduced central vision.

Cystoid Macular Edema

Fluid-filled cystic swelling of the macula that commonly develops from diabetes, inflammation, retinal vein occlusions, or after eye surgery.

Epiretinal Membrane

A thin sheet of scar tissue on the retinal surface that can wrinkle the macula and cause blurred or distorted central vision.

Macular Pucker

A common term for an epiretinal membrane that wrinkles the macula, causing blurred or distorted central vision.

Macular Hole

A full-thickness opening in the macula that causes blurred, distorted, and reduced central vision.

Lamellar Macular Hole

A partial-thickness defect of the macula that typically causes milder visual distortion than a full-thickness macular hole.

Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome

Persistent traction from the vitreous on the macula that can cause blurred vision, metamorphopsia, and macular hole formation.

Pigment Epithelial Detachment (PED)

An elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium caused by fluid, blood, or drusen, commonly associated with AMD and central serous chorioretinopathy.

Retinal & Choroidal Disorders Flash Cards – Part 3: Peripheral Retinal Disorders

Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy (PAMM)

An ischemic retinal disorder involving the deep retinal capillary plexus that causes sudden paracentral blind spots.

Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement

An uncommon outer retinal disorder characterized by sudden enlargement of the physiologic blind spot with photopsias.

Solar Retinopathy

Retinal injury caused by direct sun-gazing or eclipse viewing that damages the macula and reduces central vision.

Photic Retinopathy

Light-induced retinal damage caused by lasers, welding arcs, surgical microscopes, or other intense light sources.

Lattice Degeneration

A peripheral retinal thinning that increases the risk of retinal tears and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Peripheral Retinal Degeneration

A group of degenerative changes affecting the peripheral retina that may predispose patients to retinal tears or detachment.

White Without Pressure

A benign peripheral retinal finding that appears white without scleral indentation and usually requires observation only.

White With Pressure

A peripheral retinal whitening observed during scleral indentation that is generally considered a normal examination finding.

Snail Track Degeneration

A peripheral retinal degeneration with elongated frost-like lesions that may increase the risk of retinal tears and detachment.

Pavingstone Degeneration

A common benign peripheral chorioretinal degeneration consisting of pale atrophic patches that usually require no treatment.

Degenerative Retinoschisis

A splitting of the peripheral retinal layers that is often asymptomatic but can rarely progress to retinal detachment.

Peripheral Cystoid Degeneration

An age-related peripheral retinal degeneration characterized by microscopic cystic spaces that are generally considered a benign finding.

Retinal Tear

A full-thickness break in the retina caused by vitreous traction that can progress to retinal detachment if untreated.

Horseshoe Retinal Tear

A U-shaped retinal tear created by persistent vitreoretinal traction and one of the most common precursors to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Operculated Retinal Hole

A retinal hole formed when vitreous traction removes a small plug of retinal tissue, often carrying a lower risk once traction has been released.

Retinal & Choroidal Disorders Flash Cards – Part 4: Retinal Detachments & Infectious Disorders

Atrophic Retinal Hole

A small round full-thickness retinal defect caused by retinal thinning that may rarely progress to retinal detachment.

Retinal Dialysis

A circumferential retinal tear at the ora serrata, commonly associated with blunt ocular trauma and retinal detachment.

Giant Retinal Tear

A full-thickness retinal tear extending at least 90 degrees and carrying a high risk of retinal detachment.

Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

The most common type of retinal detachment caused by a retinal break that allows fluid beneath the retina.

Tractional Retinal Detachment

A retinal detachment produced by fibrovascular membranes pulling the retina away from the underlying tissue.

Exudative Retinal Detachment

A retinal detachment caused by fluid accumulation beneath the retina without a retinal tear or vitreous traction.

Acute Retinal Necrosis

A rapidly progressive viral retinitis causing retinal necrosis, occlusive vasculitis, severe inflammation, and a high risk of retinal detachment.

Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis

A severe herpesvirus retinitis affecting immunocompromised patients with rapidly progressive retinal necrosis and profound vision loss.

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

An opportunistic viral retinal infection that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals and can rapidly cause permanent vision loss if untreated.

Toxoplasmosis Retinochoroiditis

The most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis, producing focal necrotizing retinitis with adjacent choroidal inflammation.

Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (POHS)

A chorioretinal disorder associated with previous Histoplasma capsulatum infection, characterized by punched-out scars, peripapillary atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization.

Syphilitic Retinitis

An ocular manifestation of syphilis that can produce retinal inflammation, vasculitis, or posterior uveitis and requires prompt systemic treatment.

Tuberculous Chorioretinitis

An ocular manifestation of tuberculosis involving inflammation of the retina and choroid that may threaten vision without appropriate treatment.

Candida Endophthalmitis

A fungal infection involving the retina and vitreous, most often resulting from bloodstream spread of Candida species.

Viral Retinitis

A group of retinal infections most commonly caused by herpes viruses that can lead to retinal necrosis, inflammation, retinal detachment, and permanent vision loss.

Retinal & Choroidal Disorders Flash Cards – Part 5: Inflammatory & Choroidal Disorders

Lyme Retinitis

A rare ocular manifestation of Lyme disease causing retinal inflammation, blurred vision, and other posterior segment complications.

White Dot Syndromes

A group of uncommon inflammatory disorders affecting the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and/or choroid that often cause blurred vision and photopsias.

Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)

An acute inflammatory condition producing transient white retinal lesions and temporary vision changes, usually in young adults.

Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)

An inflammatory disorder causing multiple creamy placoid lesions at the retinal pigment epithelium with sudden blurred vision.

Multifocal Choroiditis

An inflammatory disease causing multiple chorioretinal scars, vitreous inflammation, and an increased risk of choroidal neovascularization.

Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

A chronic autoimmune posterior uveitis characterized by cream-colored choroidal lesions and progressive retinal dysfunction.

Serpiginous Choroiditis

A recurrent inflammatory disease of the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium that can progressively damage central vision.

Punctate Inner Choroidopathy (PIC)

An inflammatory chorioretinal disorder affecting primarily young myopic women and associated with an increased risk of choroidal neovascularization.

Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis

A rare, self-limiting inflammatory disorder affecting the retinal pigment epithelium and causing sudden central vision changes.

Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR)

An uncommon retinal disorder characterized by sudden visual field loss due to dysfunction of the outer retina with minimal fundus findings early in the disease.

Choroidal Nevus

A benign pigmented lesion of the choroid that should be monitored for signs of transformation into melanoma.

Choroidal Melanoma

The most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, capable of causing vision loss and spreading to other organs if untreated.

Choroidal Osteoma

A rare benign ossifying tumor of the choroid that may reduce vision because of retinal pigment epithelium changes or choroidal neovascularization.

Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma

A benign vascular tumor of the choroid that can produce subretinal fluid, blurred vision, and secondary retinal changes.

Retinal Astrocytic Hamartoma

A benign retinal glial tumor commonly associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or neurofibromatosis type 1 and often found incidentally.

Retinal & Choroidal Disorders Flash Cards – Part 6: Hereditary & Retinal Dystrophies

Retinitis Pigmentosa

An inherited retinal degeneration causing progressive night blindness, peripheral vision loss, and eventual central vision impairment.

Stargardt Disease

The most common inherited juvenile macular dystrophy, resulting in progressive central vision loss from lipofuscin accumulation.

Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy

An inherited macular dystrophy characterized by a yellow “egg-yolk” lesion and progressive central vision changes.

Pattern Dystrophy

A group of inherited retinal pigment epithelium disorders producing characteristic pigment patterns and slowly progressive vision changes.

Cone Dystrophy

An inherited retinal disorder primarily affecting cone photoreceptors, causing decreased central vision, color vision loss, and light sensitivity.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy

An inherited retinal degeneration in which cone dysfunction occurs first, followed by progressive rod photoreceptor loss.

Rod-Cone Dystrophy

An inherited retinal degeneration in which rod photoreceptors are primarily affected, leading to night blindness followed by progressive peripheral and central vision loss.

Leber Congenital Amaurosis

A severe inherited retinal dystrophy presenting in infancy with profound vision loss, nystagmus, and markedly reduced retinal function.

X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis

An inherited retinal disorder affecting males, characterized by splitting of the retinal layers and reduced central vision beginning in childhood.

Achromatopsia

An inherited cone photoreceptor disorder causing absent color vision, reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, and extreme light sensitivity.

Fundus Albipunctatus

A rare inherited retinal disorder characterized by numerous white retinal dots and congenital stationary night blindness with delayed dark adaptation.

Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy

An inherited retinal degeneration characterized by sparkling crystalline deposits in the retina with progressive vision loss and chorioretinal atrophy.

Gyrate Atrophy

A rare inherited metabolic disorder causing progressive chorioretinal atrophy, night blindness, and peripheral visual field loss.

Choroideremia

An X-linked inherited retinal degeneration causing progressive degeneration of the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium, and photoreceptors, resulting in night blindness and constricted visual fields.

Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome

A rare inherited retinal dystrophy caused by NR2E3 gene mutations, resulting in an excess of short-wavelength (blue) cones, night blindness, and progressive retinal dysfunction.

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